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Today, many industries are implementing creative approaches in response to increasing environmental awareness. It is of great importance to answer the question of whether the military sector, one of the most important sectors, can support renewable energy (RE) adaptation. This study aims to examine how military spending affects the supply of RE in 27 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations as well as the regulatory function of factors such as innovation, international trade and oil prices between 1990 and 2021.

The study examines the effects of military spending, income, green innovation, international trade, oil prices and the human development index on the supply of RE using various econometric approaches, which are the cointegration test, moments quantile regression and robustness test.

The findings demonstrate that all factors, excluding military spending, quite likely affect the expansion of the renewable supply. Military spending negatively influences the RE supply; specifically, a 1% increase in military spending results in a 0.88 reduction in the renewable supply. In addition, whereas income elasticity, trade and human development index in OECD nations are higher in the last quantiles of the regression than in the first quantiles, the influence of military spending and innovation on renewable supply is about the same in all quantiles.

OECD nations must consider the practical implications, which are essential to assess and update the military spending of OECD countries from a green energy perspective to transition to clean energy. Based on the study’s overall findings, the OECD countries should incorporate the advantages of innovation, economic growth and international trade into their clean energy transition strategies to lessen the impact of military spending on renewables.

The study aims to fill a gap in the literature regarding the role of military expenditures in the RE development of an OECD country. In addition, the results of the methodological analysis can be used to guide policymakers on how military spending should be in the field of RE.

The Russian Federation is one of the world’s largest exporters of fossil-based energy sources such as oil, natural gas and coal. Approximately 90% of the energy production in the Russian Federation consists of oil, natural gas and coal. Renewable energy (RE) in the Russian Federation mainly comprises hydroelectric energy. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that influenced the growth of RE resources in the Russian Federation between 1990 and 2020.

The unit root tests augmented Dickey and Fuller and Phillips and Perron, as well as Johansen cointegration and Granger causality approaches, were used. This study was conducted using vector error correction models for the years 1990–2020.

The cointegration method's findings demonstrate that while a rise in non-RE sources has a negative impact on RE development, an increase in income, energy consumption, trade openness and CO₂ emissions has a favorable impact on RE expansion. The vector error correction model Granger causality test also shows a unidirectional relationship between RE and non-RE sources, gross domestic product, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. Trade openness, on the other hand, has no causal association with RE.

The Russian Federation must consider the practical implications of RE sources. However, there is a greater need for the Russian Federation to frame sound energy policies for RE development.

This paper aims to fill a gap in the literature on Russian RE development. Furthermore, the results of the methodological analysis can be used to guide policymakers in the field of RE development. This paper is also more policy-relevant and is quite useful in the context of sustainable energy development.